Characteristics of Just Laws And Views Essay Example for Free

Characteristics of Just Laws And Views Essay A just law has a number of widely recognized characteristics. A just law is characterized by the following: treats all people equally The notion of equality is an important aspect of the law. Although a just law may be providing equality it doesn’t always occur that way. For example, a wealthy person may be able to afford legal representation, but those people who can’t afford legal representation will be disadvantaged and will not have an equal opportunity before the law. is based on generally held religious or ethical precepts The common law legal system is the product of various historical influences, many of which were the religious and moral viewpoints of different times. In today’s society, ethics and how they coincide with the law are being replaced by the need for the law to protect society as a whole and consider economic interests. is utilitarian Utilitarianism is the theory which suggests the law aims to ensure the greatest possible happiness for the greatest possible number of people. stresses consensus and social cohesion above all Democracy helps create legal consensus. Democratic processes provide all citizens within the state with the opportunity to develop or create the law. Democratic processes will generally require a majority or consensus to bring a law into being. Democratic processes are designed to endure the survival and well being of the community through stressing consensus. allows for general principles to be mitigated in individual cases Mitigation allows for fairness. The law attempts to treat everyone equally; that = everyone in similar situations is taxed the same, everyone who commits the same crime is given the same penalty. However the courts have discretion to reduce the penalty according to the circumstances. aims to redress inequalities It leaves people free To the extent that people do not break the law, a just law will leave people free. It takes into account of limitations in material resources. It can be invoked without undue delay. A just law should deal with a legal problem or dispute as soon as practicable after that problem or dispute arises. This is because people’s memories fade and so their evidence becomes less reliable as time passes. But this is not always the case, as currently the Australian legal system has lengthy delays and cases take long periods of time to reach the courts. Formal Equality – theory side of the actual practice. Here in theory everyone in Australia is treated equally and given the same opportunities Institutionalized equality- this is the practical side to it. Although it seems everyone in Australia is equal there are people in sub groups in society who are part of a minority and aren’t able to benefit from the opportunities. E.g. of formal equality: Everyone has to right to access the law. Everyone has the right to vote EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY-Equal treatment of people in access to employment and services. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..So everyone has the right to apply for a job. They have equal rights to a safe working environment. (work cover). Everyone has the equal opportunity to access the minimum wage. EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW-Everyone is treated equally in their dealings with the law. E.g. The rule of law. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦So everyone has the implied right to legal representation. All Australian citizens are allowed to contest evidence put forward during court (natural justice – cross examination). EQUALITY OF OUTCOMES-A practice whereby the law, policy or precedent aims to ensure that, regardless of educational or socioeconomic background, or inequality of opportunity, the result of certain exercises will be equality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..so legal aid, if people aren’t able to afford legal representation they are given the opportunity to apply for legal aid. Does formal equality before the law hides institutionalized inequality? This relates most to EQUALITY OF OUTCOMES because this area is where the law has its most flaws. Although everyone might have the same opportunity not everyone is able to understand that system. For example unskilled migrants who come to Australia looking for a better life think Australia has equal everything†¦true but its not equal if you don’t understand it and aren’t familiar with it. For example: if you come from a non – English speaking background to Australia and get into trouble with the law or are being framed or a victim of fraud and exploitation how are you going to access the law and legal representation if you cant speak the language and don’t understand the system. Therefore not an equal opportunity.

A Tale Of Two Cities: Dr. Alexandre Manette :: Tale Two Cities Essays

A Tale Of Two Cities: Dr. Alexandre Manette Dr. Alexandre Manette the great survivor of the Bastille and father to Lucie Manette. Dr.Manette is the most important character in the book. Throughout the book he is the stories backbone. Few subplots ignore Manette. Dr. Manette loves his daughter. She is the world to him, without her he would still be a crazed old man. Dr. Manette's love for his daughter is clear throughout the story he expresses his thought verbally. When his daughter Lucie is married he tells her "Consider how natural and how plain it is, my dear, that it should be so. You, devoted and young, cannot fully appreciate the anxiety I have felt that your life should not be wasted."1 Dr.Manette is a very caring man. Caring, that is the one adjective I would use to describe Dr.Manette. As I said before Dr.Manette loves his daughter. Lucie Manette is his driving force. Dr.Manette wants little except for his daughter to live a full and happy life and himself to be a part of it. His desire to be a part of Lucie life makes it hard for him to give her up to Charles Darnay. After the wedding Dr.Manette says "Take her, Charles. She is yours."2 He does so with a quite sadness. A huge portion of the story revolves about Dr.Manette's past suffering in the Bastille. The Doctors Bastille time is pure hell. Ever after being freed he still mumbles crazy things such as "It is a lady's shoe. It is a young lady's walking-shoe. It is in the present mode. I have had a pattern in my hand."3 Outbursts such as that show that he is not nor may he ever heal his scars. Though the book starts after his imprisonment, his Bastille time contains his actions that effects the stories plot the most. The action that truly stands out is his writing and hiding of the letter that later convicts Charles Darnay. The exposure of the letter during the trail is in my opinion the most interesting twist in A Tale Of Two Cities. Dr.Manette has few contacts with the Defarges however in my opinion the

Cultural Diversity Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion Essay

What are the dimensions of cultural diversity? Identify and briefly explain the dimensions by referencing both textbooks. In reading both textbooks and doing further research on the Internet I, believe La Trobe University best summed up the dimensions of cultural diversity. The dimensions of diversity can be divided into two groups, primary dimensions, and secondary dimensions. â€Å"While each dimension adds a layer of complexity to individual identity, it is the dynamic interaction among all the dimensions that in? ences self-image, values, opportunities and expectations† (La Trobe University). Primary dimensions are characteristics unique to an individual. Examples would include age, gender, mental and physical abilities, race, ethnic heritage, and sexual orientation. â€Å"These six differences are termed core dimensions of diversity because they exert an important impact on our early socialization and a powerful, sustained impact on our experiences, values, assumptions and expectations throughout every stage of life. Secondary dimensions are less visible, and many contain a greater element of choice† (La Trobe University). Examples would include geographical location, military and work experience, income, religion, first language, family status, and education. With what ethnic, cultural, or other groups do you identify? Describe what members of your social circle have in common. I am a White female who grew up in a middle-class environment. I have no specific ethnic or cultural group that I identify with because I am of mixed race. As stated in one our readings there are no longer any â€Å"pure races. My father is Lithuanian, while on my mother’s side there is Bohemian, Italian, and German. I consider myself to be American. While growing up I was exposed to many cultures. I had Whites, African Americans, and Asians in my neighborhood as well as in school. My mother taught me to be open to everyone, no matter his or her skin color, even though she contradicted herself when it came to dating someone from another race. On the other hand, my mother’s family was very prejudice. My first husband was Jamaican and my mother did come to terms with her contradictions in her beliefs. Not one family member from my mother’s side of the family attended my wedding but all family members from my husbands’ family attended. I am thankful for the values my mother instilled in me. What is the difference between diversity and inclusion? According to The University of Tennessee Libraries Diversity Committee (2003), â€Å"Diversity can be defined in many different ways. Diversity is a commitment to recognizing and appreciating the variety of characteristics that make individuals unique in an atmosphere that promotes and celebrates individual and collective achievement. Examples of these characteristics are: age; cognitive style; culture; disability (mental, learning, physical); economic background; education; ethnicity; gender identity; geographic background; language(s) spoken; marital/partnered status physical appearance; political affiliation; race; religious beliefs; sexual orientation. † Like diversity, inclusion can be defined in many different ways. Oxford Dictionaries defines inclusion, as the action or state of including or of being included within a group or structure. Inclusion is to have the same choices and opportunities that other people have. Being appreciated and accepted for whom you are. An inclusive environment is one in which every individual’s unique perspective contributes to the overall success of the organization (Kottak & Kozaitis, 2003). What is the importance of workplace diversity training? If we are to understand the importance of diversity training, we first must define workplace diversity. According to Schaefer (2011), workplace diversity is defined as â€Å"the ways in which people differ that may affect their organizational experience in terms of performance, motivation, communication, and inclusion. Being â€Å"inclusive† means that diverse employees believe that they are vital contributors to the organizational mission, not marginalized, or tolerated. † The importance or advantages of workplace diversity training, affects all areas of business as stated in the following areas. Creativity is increased because different cultures can offer insightful alternatives others may not have considered. Productivity is increased when people of all cultures pull together toward a inspiring goal. New language skills are developed enabling people from other cultures help us understand not just their words but also the meaning behind what they are saying. By connecting to people with different backgrounds, others will gain a greater perspective on how different cultures operate and experience greater success in areas of global business. New processes are created when people with different ideas come together and collaborate. What is your experience with workplace culture? Could there be, or could there have been, more inclusive? I did experience workplace culture while enlisted in the United States Air Force for 10 years. The military employs many people from diverse backgrounds. More than 60 years ago in 1948, Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981 abolishing segregation in the military and ordering full integration of all the services â€Å"without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin. † This order was more symbolic than effective so to level the playing field Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were enacted. Still, these acts did not meet the needs of women in the workforce and the Equal Employment Act of 1972 was signed. The percentage of women enlisting in the Air Force has tripled because this act was signed. Even though I never personally experienced discrimination, being a female in the military, sexual harassment is still a very big issue. The military has tried to take the steps necessary to lessen these issues by having mandatory sexual harassment, sensitivity, and cultural diversity training but these problems still exist. All the training in the world will be of no benefit if military does not take a stand and punish those who do not follow the rules instead of brushing it under the table. Please note that, this is my opinion and does not reflect the opinions of other women in the military.

Isaac Newton - the Most Influential Person in History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1660 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Isaac Newton Essay Did you like this example? Isaac Newton should be considered as the most influential person in history, because of his many contributions to our world today. His largest field of accomplishment was in math. Growing up as an abandoned child, Newton found his way to becoming the most successful scientist in the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Isaac Newton the Most Influential Person in History" essay for you Create order He was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author, and physicist (StarChild). His greatest discoveries were calculus, the idea that gravity is a universal force, and the three laws of physics. These ideas and discoveries led to many more crucial theories about science and life and left a long-term impact on our world today. Isaac Newton is not the most influential person in history because his contributions helped the people in his time, but because he has made an impact on the world today. When Isaac Newton was born, on January 4, 1643, he wasnt expected to survive. He was born in a tiny village of Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire, English. His father, also named Isaac Newton, was a farmer. Although he was successful and owned a lot of property, he was completely uneducated and did not know how to read or write. He died three months before Isaac Newton was born, so he never knew his father. His mother, Hannah Ayscough, remarried to a churchman, Barnabas Smith, when Isaac Newton was three years old. He disliked his new step-father and decided to leave his childhood home. When he left, he moved in with his mothers mother, Margery Ayscough. This resentment between Newton and his mother and Barnabas Smith stayed with them for many years. When he was a teenager, he threatened to destroy his childhood house. For the next nine years, until Barnabas Smith died, in 1653, Newton stayed away from his mother, and this separation was the main reason for his later pronounced psychotic te ndencies. After his mother was widowed for the second time, she wanted her first-born son to manage her property. Unfortunately, this did not work out, because Newton could not concentrate on simple tasks, like watching the cattle. Instead, he would go under a tree and read his school books. When his mother realized her mistake, she sent him back to his childhood grammar school, Kings School in Grantham. This school helped Newton prepare for university. He passed his final exams at this school and was accepted to Trinity College, in Cambridge. At Cambridge, Newton could pursue his passion of science, mathematics and physics, although he started with majoring in law. He had an incredible ability to comprehend mathematical problems and focus on solving any that came his way. Newtons impressive mathematical and scientific mind led him to sometimes become detached from the real world. For example, he had no time or care for relationships, and he stayed single throughout his life. Also, he had mental problems from the abandonment of his childhood; he was later diagnosed with depression, a severe case of bipolar disorder, and had irrational behavior which led to some violence with classmates. This was a problem, but when he realized that this could affect his learning, he learned how to control his emotions in class. When he arrived at Cambridge in 1661, the scientific revolution was advanced, and many of the basic works of science had appeared. For example, astronomers had developed the heliocentric system of the universe. Galileo had proposed the idea of inertia, which states that a moving object will stay moving unless a force is acted upon it, and an object at rest will stay at rest. While all of these discoveries were being made, the universities of Europe, with Cambridge included, continued to have a geocentric perspective of the universe, and dealt with nature in qualitative rather than qualitative terms. Isaac Newton, like thousands of other undergraduates, began his complex learning with the work of Aristotle. Even though this philosophy was not in the curriculum, Newton heard of it from traveling classmates. Also, as an undergraduate, he found the works of other philosophers, who, unlike Aristotle, saw the physical world as composed completely with particles of matter in motion at all times. This is what started and truly inspired Newtons scientific career. A piece of his work called the Quaestiones reveal that he had discovered a conception of nature that provided the guidelines for the scientific revolution. He had helped a French philosopher, Pierre Gassendi, discover atomism, another mechanical system to explain particles in nature. Although it is not stated in the Quaestiones, Newton had begun his mathematical studies. He started with exploring the works of Descartes, a French philosopher, then moving into other pieces of literature of algebraic techniques. In about a year, Ne wton had mastered these works and then he developed calculus, a very powerful and complex branch of mathematics, involving the finding of areas under curves and slopes of curves. When he published his work of calculus, he was considered the leading mathematician in Europe. In April of 1665, Isaac Newton received his bachelor degree. His undergraduate career was the most remarkable in the history of education in university, and it had gone unrecognized. Still in 1665, the plague closed his university, and for two years, Newton was forced to stay at home. During this time, he had contemplated what he had learned over his years as an undergraduate. He kept his thoughts and findings in his notebooks, only for him to see. Newton was a secretive man, and did not talk to many people about his ideas, because it was very common for others to steal discoveries to obtain popularity and wealth. Throughout this confinement of Newton and his mind at his university, he examined circular motion. Applying his analysis and discoveries to the planets and moon, he created the inverse square. This was the idea that the amount of a force acting on a planet decreased with the square of its distance from the sun. Later, this idea of Isaac Newtons was crucial to the law of universal gravitation. In 1686, Isaac Newton presented his three laws of motion in the Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis. It is believed that he figured out these laws by watching an apple fall from a tree. There is evidence to support this claim, which was found in Newtons original manuscript. It described how Newton saw an apple fall from his mothers garden and then started to explain in his notebook the theory of gravity and the three law s of motion. This paper was written by William Stukeley, a man who contemplated ideas with Isaac Newton. The paper also describes a conversation that they had together about why an apple falls to the center of the earth. Then, the next part of Newtons notebook consists of possibly his greatest accomplishment, Newtons laws of motion. The first law stated that an object in motion will stay in motion, unless another force is acted upon it. Also, an object at rest will stay at rest, until another force is acted upon it. The second law included the idea that when an external force acts on an object, it produces an acceleration in the direction of the force. The last and third law stated that when two objects collide, they apply their forces to each other that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Today, these laws are used every day. Just some examples of how these laws are incorporated into our life are that they help simulate collisions, control how cars work, and navigate spacecrafts. Toward the end of Newtons life, he lived in Winchester, England. He shared a house with his niece, Catherine Conduitt, and her husband, John Conduitt. During this time, he had become one of the most well known men in Europe. He had become very wealthy, and was able to easily support his family. He donated a percentage of his income to charity every month. Despite this fame, Newton still did not have a perfect life. He never had any personal relationships with other people, and in later years, many people around him worried about his mental health. At the age of eighty-four, Newton started to experience an immense amount of pain in his abdomen. He was diagnosed with digestion problems, and he had to change his diet completely. Although he had the best doctors caring for him, he went unconscious one night. The next day, March 31, 1727, Newton was found dead in his house in London, England. Catherine and John Canuitt held a funeral for him and invited people that Newton had written down in his notebook. His surviving letters and writings revealed a person with impressive and tremendous ability to stand long periods of mental strain, concentration, and also the ability to stay focused with no distractions. After Isaac Newtons death, his fame grew beyond the people of Europe. Many of the people that he had worked with named him as the greatest mind in the seventeenth century. His impacts on the world include one of the most complex forms of mathematics, calculus, the idea that gravity is a universal force, and the three laws of motion. He was able to turn theories into practice, and his findings became the basis for modern physics. All of these things cause a long-term impact on the world today, because people use his findings in everyday life. Without Newtons mind and ideas, the world would be very different today. For example, calculus helps people use investment plans, create global mapping, and doctors use with an estimation of the progression of an illness. Next, his idea that gravity is a universal force helps people explain how everything around them is pulled toward the center of the earth. Lastly, and possibly most importantly, Newtons three laws of motion explain how forces af fect objects and why these things either stay in motion or stay at rest. Isaac Newton had the greatest mind of the 17th century, and should be considered as one of the most influential persons in history, because of his great ideas and finding to explain the universe.